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COLLECTED COMMENTARIES

1.3 Master Kong said: Skillful (巧) words, pleasing (令) appearance—little humanity!¹

Qiao 巧 means satisfying. Ling 令 means advantageous.

巧，好。令，善也。

When one makes their words satisfying and their appearance advantageous, adorning themself on the outside and striving to please people, human desires become unrestrained and the virtue of the original heart is lost. The words of the Sage do not mean to diminish the essential [by making “little” acceptable as still some], for once shrunken down to “little,” soon absolutely nothing can be recognized of one’s humanity. This is what learners ought to deeply guard against.²

好其言，善其色，致飾於外，務以悅人，則人欲肆而本心之德亡矣。聖人辭不迫切，專言鮮，則絕無可知，學者所當深戒也。

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Cheng Yi summarized, “If one recognizes the absence of humanity in clever talk and pleasing appearances, then one knows humanity.”

程子曰：「知巧言令色之非仁，則知仁矣。」

Footnotes

¹ The ancient Zhou Dynasty verses are written in a terse, broken-feeling form of Classical Chinese (guwen 古文), which at times is something akin to poetry. The commentary is written in elegant Song Dynasty prose, inspired by the famous essayist Han Yu and the “classical prose movement” (guwen yundong 古文運動), which sought to revive the direct and substantial style of the ancients yet also marked a progression. The translation seeks to preserve these two distinct styles.

² Literally Zhu says “absolutely none” (絕無) here, following Chengzi’s comment calling it “the absence of humanity” (非仁). However, in his lectures it becomes clear that this refers to the insignificance of humanity present, for even if there is a little bit of humanity, it “becomes very tiny” (成甚麼) until it cannot be “recognized” (知) at all. Implicit in his lectures is that this is a slippery slope that is hard to break away from, hence what he cautions learners to guard against. After all, when one’s heart and mind are located on the outside, what remains on the inside?

Comment: Note the unconventional use of the exclamatory character yi 矣 mid-sentence, which emphasizes a specific word: “little! humanity.” This gives the reading a visceral koan-like feel and underscores the smallness of such humanity.

The first verse of the Discourses writes on timely practice, and then is immediately followed by two verses on one’s humanity. Its meaning is profound indeed! – Zhu Xi 朱熹  [Yulei 20: Lunyu 1.3: 10]