Translation by Daoxue Academy, “The Discourses with Collected Commentaries” (2026). Classical Chinese base text from Qing Dynasty 1811 edition (public domain due to age). Copyright © 2026 Daoxue Academy.

Note: Chapters for which our new translation is pending use translations by Wing-tsit from “A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy,” originally published 1963, now carries Public Domain Mark 1.0 Universal, free of known copyright restrictions.